What are the three dimensions of consonant articulation?

The three dimensions of consonant articulation are indeed place, manner, and voicing.

Place of articulation refers to where the constriction occurs in the vocal tract when producing a consonant sound. For example, sounds can be produced with the tongue against the lips (bilabial), with the tongue against the roof of the mouth (alveolar), or with the tongue positioned further back (velar), among other places.

Manner of articulation describes how the airflow is constricted or modified as it passes through the vocal tract. This can include categories such as stops (complete closure followed by release), fricatives (narrowing to create turbulence), and nasals (airflow through the nasal cavity), among others.

Voicing relates to whether the vocal cords vibrate during the production of the sound. Voiced consonants (like /b/ and /d/) occur when the vocal cords vibrate, while voiceless consonants (like /p/ and /t/) do not involve this vibration.

These three dimensions work together to define how consonants are articulated, making them fundamental to understanding speech sounds and their production. The other options in the question relate to different concepts in acoustics or sound characteristics but do not pertain to